Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Open Access

Keywords

Vancomycin; Gentamicin; Neonatal intensive care unit; Neonatal sepsis; Staphylococci; Infections

Introduction

Late onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) is a hospital acquired Infection with a substantial rate of morbidity and mortality. LOS is defined as signs consistent with sepsis that occur from 72 hours of life with some references defining it as starting from 7 days of life until the end of the third month of life [1-3]. The estimated incidence is 25% among singleton births and 22.6% among multiple births of very low birth weight infants [4]. Peak Incidence reported between the 10^th and 22^nd day of life 4. Organisms that have been implicated in causing LOS include Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CONS), Staphylococcus aureus, enteric gram negative rods, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus species, Group B Streptococci and Candida species [5].

Signs of LOS are vague, therefore close monitoring and a high level of clinical suspicion in the NICU setting is paramount, this coupled with a coherent understanding of the epidemiology and the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern allows prompt management of such infections.

With those objectives in mind, we conducted this study to:

• Study the most common causative organisms of LOS in the NICU at Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The NICU at Tawam Hospital is a level III referral unit that serves the emirate of Abu Dhabi and parts of the northern region of the UAE.

• Look at the adequacy of our current empirical antibiotic regimen that consists of Vancomycin and Gentamicin in covering those organisms.

Methods

Data was collected in retrospective cohort fashion from medical charts of infants with proven LOS between January 2011 and June 2015. Our inclusion criteria consisted of patients who exhibited signs of sepsis between the age ≥ 72 hours and 90 days; and had positive cultures obtained either from blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or a sterile body fluid. Positive eye, skin cultures and patients aged less than 72 hours and more than 90 days of age were excluded. The medical records of the included patients were studied after obtaining the Investigational Review Board (IRB) approval.

Results

During our study period, 223 patients were identified to have LOS, with peak incidence in 2014 (Figure 1). We identified a total of 213 organisms. Ninety-eight organisms were identified as gram positive organisms (46%) compared to 104 (48.8%) and 11 (5.2%) as gram negative organisms and fungi respectively (Figure 2). Among gram positive organisms, CONS were most prevalent at 52% (n=51), followed by Staphylococcus aureus at rate of 14.2% (n=14). As for gram negative organisms, Klebsiella pneumoniae was most prevalent at 43.2% (n=45), followed by E.coli at 21.2% (n=22), and third by Pseudomonas at 10.6% (n=11) (Figure 3). Assessment of our regimen's adequacy revealed 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin among gram positive organisms and 95.5% sensitivity to Gentamicin among gram negative organisms.

Figure 1: Cases of late onset sepsis per year.

Figure 2: Percentage of organisms contributing to late onset sepsis.

Figure 3: Microrganisms contributing to late onset sepsis.

Discussion

LOS in NICU is considered a nosocomial infection, which results in prolonged hospitalization and increased risk of mortality in unfortunate circumstances. Worldwide incidences of gram positive and gram-negative organisms in LOS are variable among regions, hospitals and patients’ demographics. Not only that, but the incidence seems to change from time to time in the same region and hospital. Boghossian NS et al. conducted a retrospective study in United States looking at 15178 singleton and 5294 multiple gestation infants. The authors reported an estimated incidence of 25% among singleton births and 22.6% among multiple births of very low birth weight infants 4. In our study the rate was 8.9% over the complete study period. Although we did not specifically categorize our patients to singleton and multiple gestations, our rate of LOS seems to be lesser all together than what has been reported in United States.

The most common organism among the gram positive ones was CONS at a rate of 52% (n=51) and among the gram negative ones was Klebsiella Pneumoniae at a rate of 43.2% (n=45) (Figure 3). Generally, throughout the study period it has been noted that gram negatives were the leading causative organisms, nevertheless their contribution to LOS etiology was trending down in our unit (Figures 1 and 3).

Units around the world use different antibiotics regimens for empirical LOS therapy. Among the most common combinations used was the combination of Flucloxacillin and Gentamicin, Ampicillin and Gentamicin or Vancomycin with either Cefotaxime or Gentamicin.

The rate of gentamicin resistance is increasing across the regions. In some Asian centers gentamicin resistance was found to be as high as 37% while it was around 14.7% in our neighbouring country Kuwait [6-8]. Over our study period, the total percentage of gentamicin resistance was 4.5%. Such high sensitivity to this empirical regimen supports our choice for the time being.

The rise of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) organisms is a serious threat due to the wide use of broadspectrum antibiotics. Yilmaz et al. compared the rate of ESBL organisms between 2004 and 2008 in Turkey. In their review, ESBL organisms increased from 14% to 33% for E.coli; and from 30% to 44% for Klebsiella spp. over 2004 and 2008 respectively [7-9]. Our ESBL rate among gram negative organisms during our study period was 19.2% (n=20) which constituted only 9.4% of the total organisms contributing to LOS with a notable increasing trend over the years (Figures 4 and 5). Therefore an empirical coverage for ESBL organisms doesn’t seem to be needed in our unit at this time.

Figure 4: ESBLs among gram negative organisms.

Figure 5: ESBLs among all organisms.

Invasive fungal infections in neonates require vigilant assessment due to unfavourable long-term outcome and prolonged length of therapy. Dong Y. and Speer C. looked at candida spp. in LOS different parts of the world [6,10-12]. Two of our neighbouring countries (Turkey and Kuwait) were included in their review. They revealed approximate rates of 28% and 12% in Turkey and Kuwait respectively, while in our study the rate of fungi contributing to LOS was 5.2% (Figure 2). Based on those comparative rates, we believe that empirical antifungal therapy is not indicated in our unit at this point [13-16].

Conclusion

In our study, we found out that our rate of LOS was less than what has been reported in some countries like United States. However, the overall spectrum of causative organisms was almost similar to worldwide reports. In our unit, we use Vancomycin and Gentamicin as the empirical choice in treating LOS. Our study revealed that the current regimen provided sufficient coverage for the vast majority of LOS causative organisms over our study period. Our current ESBL organisms and fungi infections do not prompt a shift in current management or addition of empirical antifungal respectively. Still we believe that the local biograms must be revisited from time to time to optimize empirical antibiotic choices and ensure a better quality of care for our patients.

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